What is a key characteristic of a matrix in landscape ecology?

A key characteristic of a matrix in landscape ecology is that it surrounds patches and connects elements within the landscape. The matrix is the dominant landscape element and plays a crucial role in shaping ecological processes and interactions. It provides the background within which patches occur, influencing movement, dispersal, and the overall landscape connectivity.

The matrix typically consists of a variety of land types and land uses that permeate a landscape, allowing organisms to navigate through or between patches of habitat. This connectivity is essential for maintaining biodiversity and promoting ecological resilience as species interact with various elements across the landscape.

In contrast, the other options lack the specificity and relevance to the role of a matrix. Uniform patches refer to the individual habitat areas, and although matrices can include varying configurations, they do not have to be uniform. The statement regarding the matrix playing a secondary role contradicts its primary role in landscape functioning, as it is foundational for ecological processes. Lastly, the idea that a matrix is only made up of nonnative species oversimplifies its composition, as matrices can consist of a mix of native and nonnative species and land uses.